Intro to Express.js: Parameters, Error Handling and Other Middleware

Express.js is a node.js framework that among other things provides a way to organize routes. Each route is defined via a method call on an application object with a URL patter as a first parameter (RegExp is also supported). The best practice is to keep router lean and thin by moving all the logic into corresponding external modules/files. This way important server configuration parameters will be neatly in one place, right there when you need them! :-)

Note: This text is a part of Express.js Guide: The Comprehensive Book on Express.js.

Express.js is one of the most popular and mature Node.js frameworks. You can read more about in Intro to Express.js series on webapplog.com:

To learn how to create an application from scratch please refer to the earlier post.

Request Handlers

Express.js is a node.js framework that among other things provides a way to organize routes. Each route is defined via a method call on an application object with a URL patter as a first parameter (RegExp is also supported), for example:

app.get('api/v1/stories/', function(res, req){
  ...
})

or, for a POST method:

app.post('/api/v1/stories'function(req,res){
  ...
})

It’s needless to say that DELETE and PUT methods are supported as well.
The callbacks that we pass to get() or post() methods are called request handlers, because they take requests (req), process them and write to response (res) objects. For example:

app.get('/about', function(req,res){
  res.send('About Us: ...');
});

We can have multiple request handlers, hence the name middleware. They accept a third parameter next calling which (next()) will switch the execution flow to the next handler:

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:id', function(req,res, next) {
  //do authorization
  //if not authorized or there is an error 
  // return next(error);
  //if authorized and no errors
  return next();
}), function(req,res, next) {
  //extract id and fetch the object from the database
  //assuming no errors, save story in the request object
  req.story = story;
  return next();
}), function(req,res) {
  //output the result of the database search
  res.send(res.story);
});

ID of a story in URL patter is a query string parameter which we need for finding a matching items in the database.

Parameters Middleware

Parameters are values passed in a query string of a URL of the request. If we didn’t have Express.js or similar library, and had to use just the core Node.js modules, we’d had to extract parameters from HTTP.request object via some require('querystring').parse(url) or require('url').parse(url, true) functions trickery.

Thanks to Connect framework and people at VisionMedia, Express.js already has support for parameters, error handling and many other important features in the form of middlewares. This is how we can plug param middleware in our app:

app.param('id', function(req,res, next, id){
  //do something with id
  //store id or other info in req object
  //call next when done
  next();
});

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:id',function(req,res){
  //param middleware will be execute before and
  //we expect req object already have needed info
  //output something
  res.send(data);
});

For example:

app.param('id', function(req,res, next, id){
  req.db.get('stories').findOne({_id:id}, function (e, story){
    if (e) return next(e);
    if (!story) return next(new Error('Nothing is found'));
    req.story = story;
    next();
  });
});

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:id',function(req,res){
  res.send(req.story);
});

Or we can use multiple request handlers but the concept remains the same: we can expect to have req.story object or an error thrown prior to the execution of this code so we abstract common code/logic of getting parameters and their respective objects:

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:id', function(req,res, next) {
  //do authorization
  }),
  //we have an object in req.story so no work is needed here
  function(req,res) {
  //output the result of the database search
  res.send(story);
});

Authorization and input sanitation are also good candidates for residing in the middlewares.

Function param() is especially cool because we can combine different keys, e.g.:

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:storyId/elements/:elementId',function(req,res){
  res.send(req.element);
});

Error Handling

Error handling is typically used across the whole application, therefore it’s best to implement it as a middleware. It has the same parameters plus one more, error:

app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
  //do logging and user-friendly error message display
  res.send(500);
})

In fact, the response can be anything:

JSON string

app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
  //do logging and user-friendly error message display
  res.send(500, {status:500, message: 'internal error', type:'internal'});
})

Text message

app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
  //do logging and user-friendly error message display
  res.send(500, 'internal server error');
})

Error page

app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
  //do logging and user-friendly error message display
  //assuming that template engine is plugged in
  res.render('500');
})

Redirect to error page

app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
  //do logging and user-friendly error message display
  res.redirect('/public/500.html');
})

Error HTTP response status (401, 400, 500, etc.)

app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
  //do logging and user-friendly error message display
  res.end(500);
})

By the way, logging is also should be abstracted in a middleware!

To trigger an error from within your request handlers and middleware you can just call:

next(error);

or

next(new Error('Something went wrong :-(');

You can also have multiple error handlers, and use named instead of anonymous functions as its shows in Express.js Error handling guide.

Other Middleware

In addition to extracting parameters, it can be used for many things, like authorization, error handling, sessions, output, and others.

res.json() is one of them. It conveniently outputs JavaScript/Node.js object as a JSON. For example:

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:id', function(req,res){
  res.json(req.story);
});

is equivalent to (if req.story is an Array and Object):

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:id', function(req,res){
  res.send(req.story);
});

or

app.get('api/v1/stories/:id',function(req,res){
  res.set({
    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
  });
  res.send(req.story);
});

Abstraction

Middleware is flexible. You can use anonymous or named functions, but the best thing is to abstract request handlers into external modules based on the functionality:

var stories = require.('./routes/stories');
var elements = require.('./routes/elements');
var users = require.('./routes/users');
...
app.get('/stories/,stories.find);
app.get('/stories/:storyId/elements/:elementId', elements.find);
app.put('/users/:userId',users.update);

routes/stories.js:

module.exports.find = function(req,res, next) {
};

routes/elements.js:

module.exports.find = function(req,res,next){
};

routes/users.js:

module.exports.update = function(req,res,next){
};

You can use some functional programming tricks, like this:

function requiredParamHandler(param){
  //do something with a param, e.g., check that it's present in a query string
  return function (req,res, next) {
    //use param, e.g., if token is valid proceed with next();
    next();
  });
}

app.get('/api/v1/stories/:id', requiredParamHandler('token'), story.show);

var story  = {
  show: function (req, res, next) {
    //do some logic, e.g., restrict fields to output
    return res.send();
  }
}   

As you can see middleware is a powerful concept for keeping code organized. The best practice is to keep router lean and thin by moving all the logic into corresponding external modules/files. This way important server configuration parameters will be neatly in one place, right there when you need them! :-)

Author: Azat

Techies, entrepreneur, 20+ years in tech/IT/software/web development expert: NodeJS, JavaScript, MongoDB, Ruby on Rails, PHP, SQL, HTML, CSS. 500 Startups (batch Fall 2011) alumnus. http://azat.co http://github.com/azat-co

16 thoughts on “Intro to Express.js: Parameters, Error Handling and Other Middleware”

  1. For the above request app.get(‘/api/v1/stories/:storyId/elements/:elementId’,function(req,res){ } what is the declaration of the parameters in the app.param(/* parameters*/, function(req,res, next, id){ }); ?
    This answer it would be really helpful to me.

  2. This is really small, thought it was worth pointing out – on the 5th to last code snippet, the line app.get('/stories/,stories.find); is missing the closing quotation mark, which is screwing up the rest of the syntax highlighting.

    Thanks for the article!

  3. Yes, you need to replace res.send with res.render(filename, data) where filename is the name of your template. In the template you write a loop (for) that iterates over your array.

    Check out http://expressjsguide.com for more examples.

  4. Thanks, it’s very clear, but how not to display directly the date from server but to use it to build the html code?

    I have a server with Node.js and I use Express to build a web app. My server is already able to building an array from a database using a function (rss_interrogDB). Now I want to use this array to display a list in an html page. I already have a script in my page html that can create a list from a given array.

    But my problem is that I don’t know to allow the html file to use this array in this function…

    I have this on my server code:

    app.get(‘/’, function(req, res) {
    rss_interrogDB(function(serverData) {
    res.send(serverData);
    });
    });

    And this on my html file:

    $.get(‘/’).success(function(serverData) {
    // TO DO something with serverData
    }).error(function(serverData, status) {
    // error handling
    });

    But, doing this, the html directly displays the array although I want to use it to build the html code… Is the pb in the res.send(serverData)? What do I have to write in the “TO DO something with serverData” part in the html file?

    Thanks!

  5. Please consider getting rid of the social media bar on the left of the content. It’s very distracting.

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